Meme Therapy

Space exploration has been a fascinating topic in both science fiction and real science. From the early rocket flights to the International Space Station and missions to Mars, humanity has been exploring space for decades. This exploration has led to significant scientific discoveries and has inspired generations of scientists and writers.

Early Space Exploration

Space exploration began in earnest during the Cold War, when the United States and the Soviet Union competed for supremacy in space. The Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957, followed by the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, in 1961. The United States responded with the Mercury program, which saw John Glenn orbit the Earth in 1962.

The space race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for supremacy in space. Both countries wanted to demonstrate their technological and military superiority. The space race culminated with the arrival of humans on the Moon in 1969, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the lunar surface.

The Moon Landing

The arrival of humans on the Moon was a historic milestone in space exploration. The Apollo 11 mission was a technical and scientific achievement without precedent. The mission demonstrated that humanity could travel to other celestial bodies and return safely to Earth.

The International Space Station (ISS)

The International Space Station is a laboratory in orbit around the Earth. The ISS has been a place of scientific research and international collaboration. Astronauts have conducted experiments in biology, physics, chemistry, and other disciplines.

Mars Exploration

Mars has been a target of space exploration for decades. Missions to Mars have revealed information about the planet's geological and climatic history. Scientists are interested in the possibility of life on Mars and the possibility of colonizing the planet in the future.

NASA's Curiosity rover has been exploring Mars since 2012. It has collected data on the composition of the planet's soil and atmosphere. The rover has found evidence that Mars may have had liquid water in the past, suggesting that there may have been life on the planet at some point.

The Future of Space Exploration

The future of space exploration is exciting and promising. New technologies such as nuclear propulsion and 3D printing are making more ambitious missions possible. Humanity is planning missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

NASA is developing the Space Launch System (SLS), a rocket that will be able to take astronauts to the Moon and Mars. The space agency is also working on building a space station in orbit around the Moon, known as Gateway, which will serve as a base for missions to the Moon and beyond.

Conclusion

Space exploration has been a source of inspiration for humanity. It has led to significant scientific discoveries and has inspired generations of scientists and writers. Space exploration will continue to be a fascinating topic in both science fiction and real science.

In front of one of the works exhibited at the Hamburger Bahnhof, one of the venues for the Berlin Biennale for Contemporary Art, a visitor caught the public's attention today by commenting with enormous anguish that she had always believed that those born in her generation, the of World War II, they would be happy all their lives, because they would live without more wars; that she was convinced that her existence would be peaceful, calm, and without reason to be ashamed until the arrival of her death. But it does not seem that things are going to be like this, he affirmed, because it is not clear how the events of these dramatic days represented by the war with Ukraine will unfold.

The madness of one man and his devoted minions determines the fate of the country, he pointed out. We can only guess what will be written about this in the history books fifty years from now. Pain, fear and shame: these are the feelings of today, he stated. Pain, because war affects us all. Fear, because our biological instinct is to preserve our life and that of those around us. Shame because we are responsible for this situation that can have serious consequences for everyone. Because the responsibility for what is happening today also lies with all of us who witnessed these dramatic events, because we did not know how to foresee and prevent them.

Faced with these reflections, and in an environment such as the one we find ourselves in, it is inevitable to consider what role art should play in our daily lives, bearing in mind that it should also focus on the conflicts that surround us. This is one of the central questions addressed by Still Present!, the twelfth edition of the Berlin Art Biennale.

The works he shows can be judged for the way they push us to the limits, exposing pain, accepting physical extremes, causing emotions to rise to the surface of our skin with the aim of reclaiming the field of emotion through art. In extreme situations there is often the painful feeling that everything has changed, that we cannot understand why or understand what is happening. It is therefore the works that we observe here that present us with a position that does not leave us free, that does not offer escape routes, because its message crosses all walls. Failure to grasp it would be cynical. Because reality cannot be turned off.

Although he ordered the killing of thousands of homosexuals in the concentration camps, Adolf Hitler was sadomasochistic and bisexual and had a relationship that "embroidered the sexual" with his secretary, the powerful Rudolf Hess, affirms a profile of the Nazi leader elaborated during the Second World War. World by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the predecessor of the CIA.

The recently declassified report was prepared by anthropologist Henry Field, who collaborated in the Special Intelligence Unit of the White House in the time of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

The document, about 70 pages, analyzes several aspects of the Nazi boss's life, from his daily routine, his diet to his musical tastes and his sexuality.

On page 28 of the report, Field says that when Hitler was imprisoned in Landsberg after his failed coup attempt, he maintained a "sexual-embracing" relationship with his right-hand man, Hess.

"After the murder of Roehm (the minister in Hitler's cabinet) I knew that Hess's nickname among the homosexual community was" Fraeulein Ana ", since it was known that she attended dances dressed as a woman (...) It was then that my suspicions about certain discrete characteristics in Hitler's personality began to get my attention, "Field wrote.

"After the murder of Rohem, small pieces of information were arriving until they forced me to consider Hitler as a sadomasochistic man with the possibility of a certain homosexual trait in him," Field wrote.

According to the investigation, when he was a young artist in Vienna, Hitler visited a men's residence, the "Mannerheim Brigittenau", known as a meeting point between older men who were looking for "young men for homosexual pleasures".

The report also assures that the Nazi leader sought as a loving ideal a couple that is "half mother and half girlfriend" and that "he obtained aesthetic satisfaction by seeing adolescents, boys or girls".

"His sexual life is as dual as his political vision, he is at the same time homosexual and heterosexual, socialist and a fervent nationalist, man and woman, although it is true that Adolf Hitler avoids being diagnosed, there are certain facts that prove that her sexual situation is unsustainable and, even, desperate, "concluded Field.

It is said that the cardinal Gascon Jean Bilhères de Villiers (1435-1499), the ambassador of the French monarch in the Holy See, commissioned the artist Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) La Pietà, one of the most important works of Renaissance sculpture.

The Pietà represents a very young Virgin Mary holding the dead Christ. According to the contract signed by both parties, the sculptor would charge four hundred and fifty gold ducats as long as he delivered the work within one year. The Florentine genius completed his sculpture when two days were left to complete the year.

The sculpture is well known by everyone and does not need presentations. Perhaps what is not so popular is that the mouth of Christ has three incisors in the upper arch, instead of two, which is usual. In other words, it has a supernumerary tooth.

The connection with evil

It is known as supernumerary teeth those that exceed the usual dental formula: 20 "milk" or deciduous and 32 permanent teeth. The causes that motivate its appearance are unknown, although the existence of a hereditary pattern has been discovered.

Although supernumerary teeth can appear in any location, the most frequent is in the central area of the maxillary arch, they are called mesiodens.

The depth of the Tuscan's thought can be intuited through his prolific artistic creation, in which theological, philosophical and anatomical conceptions can be guessed. It is known that he had vast knowledge of the human body, not in vain appears on the cover of some treatises of the Belgian physician Andreas Vesalio (1514-1564) participating in a dissection.

If it was not an anatomical error, what did the mesiodens symbolize? We must start from the premise that artists are often the notaries of their time and in the Renaissance the deformities of the body and anatomical anomalies were interpreted by some scholars -like Savoranola- as a figuration of evil. The fifth incisor was a metaphor for evil and sin.

Jesus and the burden of the sins of men

If we look closely at the Sistine Chapel we can discover that in hell there is more than one character with the fifth incisor. A symbolic nod that the Renaissance liked very much, as it represented for five decades, the time between La Pietà (1497-1499) and the Crucifixion of San Pedro in the Pasolina Chapel in Rome (1545-1550).

Now, how can we explain that the sculpture of Christ has a fifth incisor, according to this theological conception? The only possible explanation is that the Son of God has borne all the sins of men and with his blood has liberated Humanity from original sin.

It seems that when La Pietà by Michelangelo was exposed many critical voices questioned whether that genius could be the work of a Florentine -enemies found by the Romans- of 24 years.

The Florentine decided to settle the matter one night. In an attack of anger, of which he was quite accustomed to his contemporaries, he entered the Vatican and secretly chiselled on the ribbon of the Virgin's breast the following message: "Michel Agelus Bonarotus Florent Facieba" (Michelangelo Buonarroti, Florentine, did). In this way, La Pietà became the only work signed by the famous sculptor.

By the way, Miguel Ángel was not the only one to represent these dental malformations, we can also find them in La Pietà by Lorenzo Salimbeni (1568-1613) and in the Illustrations by Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) for the Divine Comedy.